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Unpopulated boards are usually called bare-board and the test is for "shorts" and "opens". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected.
For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands.
For high-volume production a test fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands on the board. Building the adapter is a significant fixed cost and is only economical for high-volume or high-value production.
The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these.
