Internet of Things

This technology offers advantages such as high sensitivity, long service life, and reliability, making it ideal for industrial automation applications. It is widely used in industries such as metallurgy, chemical, and textile, where features like precise positioning, resistance to harsh environments, and ease of installation are critical. Key electrical specifications include working voltage, working current, voltage drop, and short circuit protection, ensuring efficient and safe operation.

Common types include electromagnetic relays, solid-state relays, temperature relays, reed relays, time relays, high-frequency relays, and polarized relays, each tailored for specific applications. Size classifications range from miniature to small relays, while load capacities span micro-power to high-power relays. Protective classifications include sealed, enclosed, and open relays, with sealed relays offering superior isolation. Among these, electromagnetic and reed relays are most commonly used in electronic production due to their versatility and reliability.

Examples demonstrate applications such as voltage followers, voltage dividers, and adjustable output circuits, where op amps stabilize and amplify input signals. The behavior of op amps relies on the principles of negative feedback and voltage-phase relationships. A summary emphasizes the core properties of op amps, including infinite magnification, infinite input impedance, and their role in maintaining input voltage balance. These properties are critical for designing precise and stable electronic circuits.

Electronics hardware engineers play a pivotal role in the entire product development process, ensuring that each stage aligns with the project timeline. Key stages include schematic design, PCB layout, prototype fabrication, debugging, and testing. The design process integrates various factors such as function, performance, power consumption, thermal management, signal integrity, EMC compliance, and manufacturability. Despite misconceptions, achieving the main functionality of a PCB constitutes less than 30% of the overall effort. Hardware design demands adherence to Product Requirement Specifications (PRS) while balancing cost-effectiveness (COGS). Success requires not only technical expertise but also continuous learning to navigate the complexities of development and production.

Simulation examples illustrate the behavior of capacitors in circuits: charging and discharging processes through resistors ensure that the voltage across the capacitor transitions gradually. Applications such as bootstrap capacitors exploit this behavior to influence MOSFET operation. In RC filter circuits, resistors and capacitors determine the cutoff frequency, shaping the response to square waves and demonstrating the principle of gradual voltage transitions due to energy storage and dissipation.

Anti-Reverse: Prevents reverse polarity by utilizing the diode's unidirectional conduction property, commonly used in low-cost, low-current applications. Rectification: Converts alternating current (AC) into pulsating direct current (DC) using rectifier diodes. Voltage Regulation: Zener diodes maintain a stable voltage in reverse breakdown mode. Freewheeling: Protects components by dissipating induced voltage when current in an inductive load ceases. Peak Detection: Captures the maximum amplitude of input signals by using a diode and capacitor. Voltage Doubling: Diodes and capacitors are used to double the peak voltage in certain circuits. Clamping: Diodes limit the voltage range in ADC circuits for protection. Envelope Detection: Extracts modulation signals from a carrier wave using a diode-based RC circuit.