What does the inside of a multilayer PCB look like？

Multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the backbone of modern electronics, supporting complex circuitry in a compact form. Unlike single-layer or double-layer PCBs, multilayer PCBs consist of multiple layers of conductive material, insulated by dielectric layers and laminated together. To understand the structure of a multilayer PCB, it is essential to examine its internal components and their arrangement.

1. Core Structure of a Multilayer PCB

At its simplest, a multilayer PCB consists of alternating layers of conductive copper and insulating dielectric materials. The layers are bonded together using heat and pressure to form a single, rigid structure. Let's break down the main components:

a. Substrate (Core)

The substrate forms the foundation of the PCB. It is typically made of FR4 (a fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin) for its durability and insulating properties.

In multilayer PCBs, a core is a pre-laminated sheet of dielectric material with copper layers on both sides.

b. Copper Layers

Copper layers carry electrical signals and power across the board. Each copper layer serves a specific function, such as signal transmission, ground planes, or power distribution.

The thickness of copper layers varies based on design requirements, commonly measured in ounces per square foot (e.g., 1 oz/ft²).

c. Prepreg

Prepreg (pre-impregnated material) is a fiberglass sheet coated with resin that acts as an adhesive and insulating layer between copper sheets.

During lamination, the prepreg layers bond the entire stack together while maintaining electrical isolation.

d. Signal, Power, and Ground Planes

Signal Layers: Carry electrical signals between components.

Ground Planes: Provide a reference voltage and minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Power Planes: Distribute power to components efficiently.

2. Layer Stack-Up Configurations

The arrangement of layers in a multilayer PCB is referred to as the "stack-up." Common configurations include:

a. Symmetrical Stack-Up

Layers are arranged symmetrically around the center of the PCB to ensure mechanical stability and minimize warping.

b. High-Speed Stack-Up

Designed to support high-speed signals, these stack-ups include ground and power planes placed strategically to reduce crosstalk and impedance issues.

c. Embedded Component Layers

In advanced designs, components like resistors or capacitors are embedded within the PCB layers for space-saving and improved performance.

3. Via Structures Inside Multilayer PCBs

Vias are holes that connect different layers of a PCB:

• Through-Hole Vias: Extend through the entire PCB stack.

  
  

• Blind Vias: Connect an outer layer to an inner layer without penetrating the entire board.

  
  

• Buried Vias: Connect internal layers without reaching the surface.

  
  

• Microvias: Small vias used in high-density PCBs for layer-to-layer connections.

4. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

To ensure proper functionality, multilayer PCBs are designed with EMC considerations:

• Ground and power planes are kept continuous to reduce noise.

• Signal traces are routed to minimize interference and maintain signal integrity.

5. Thermal Management

Multilayer PCBs incorporate thermal vias, heatsinks, and copper pours to dissipate heat generated by high-power components effectively.

Conclusion

The inside of a multilayer PCB is a sophisticated arrangement of copper, dielectric materials, and vias, all working together to support complex electronic functionality. By understanding the structure and purpose of each layer, designers can optimize performance, reliability, and manufacturability of multilayer PCBs. Whether for consumer electronics, aerospace, or telecommunications, the intricate design of multilayer PCBs is critical to meeting the demands of modern technology.